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Reference Publication: McIlvaine, J., Mallette, M., Parker, D., Callahan, M., Lapujade, P., Floyd, D., Schrum, L., Stedman, T., Cumming, B., Maxwell, L., Salamon, M., "Energy-Efficient Design for Florida Educational Facilities," Prepared for the Florida Department of Education, Tallahassee, FL., September, 2000.

Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and are not intended to represent the views and opinions of the Florida Solar Energy Center.

Energy-Efficient Design for Florida Educational Facilities

Janet McIlvaine, Michele Mallette, Danny Parker, Michael Callahan, Philippe Lapujade, David Floyd, Lynn Schrum,
Ted Stedman, Brian Cumming, Larry Maxwell, Milt Salamon

Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC), R. Douglas Stone Associates, Inc.,
Spacecoast Architects, Technical Editor

FSEC-CR-1682-00

Table 1. Economic and Energy Analysis of Single Energy Conservation Measures - Classroom Building.

Run
#		 Units Cost/ unit First Cost Oper andMaint Life of ECM Life Cycle Cost Annual EnergyCost Annual EnergySavings Life CycleSavings Net Savings Energy UseIntensity Estimated CoolingCapacity
Formula sq. ft. unlessnoted FC O&M LCC = (FC) (P2) +(FC) (P3) (OM) Electric cost+ Gas cost Base Case energy cost - ECM energy cost LCS = (Annual Energy Savings) (P1) LCS - LCC
Energy Conservation Measure $ $ year $ $ $ $ $ kBTU/sqft Tons
Classroom Bldg Base Case - - - - - 40 - $15,481 - $0 - 44 46
Single pane reflective glazing 11 2304 $3 $6,600 0 40 $6,805 $15,092 $389 $22,499 $15,695 43 45
Double pane clear glazing 8 2304 $2 $5,300 0 40 $5,464 $15,495 $-14 $-822 $-6,287 44 45
Double pane reflective glazing 13 2304 $6 $14,867 0 40 $15,328 $14,462 $1,019 $58,910 $43,582 41 42
Double pane spectrally selective glazing 15 2304 $4 $9,600 0 40 $9,896 $14,409 $1,072 $61,961 $52,063 40 41
3.5' Window shade 57 385 $5 $1,925 0 40 $1,985 $15,380 $101 $5,810 $3,825 43 44
2' Window shade 58 220 $5 $1,100 0 40 $1,134 $15,450 $31 $1,793 $659 43 46
2' Light shelf 59 220 $5 $1,100 0 40 $1,134 $15,422 $59 $3,402 $2,267 43 45
Covered walkway 56 880 $5 $4,400 0 40 $4,536 $14,951 $530 $30,611 $26,074 42 44
Reflective roof 20 14835 $0 $0 0 20 $0 $14,941 $540 $12,641 $12,641 42 46
Reflective wall 21 6816 $0 $0 0 20 $0 $15389 $92 $2,151 $2,151 43 46
2' overhang NSEW 22 1152 $5 $5,760 0 40 $5,939 $15,442 $39 $2,232 $-3,706 43 46
4' overhang NSEW 23 2336 $5 $11,680 0 40 $12,042 $15,351 $130 $7,538 $-4,504 43 45
Shade trees 24 8 trees $200 $1,600 0 30 $1,650 $15,313 $168 $6,558 $4,909 43 46
R-11 wall insulation 25 6816 $.31 $2,113 0 40 $2,178 $15,547 $-66 $-3,808 $5,987 44 46
R-19 roof insulation 26 14835 $.31 $4,599 0 40 $4,741 $15,576 $-96 $-5,520 $-10,261 44 49
R-30 roof insulation 28 14835 $.31 $4,599 0 40 $4,741 $15,540 $241 $13,925 $9,183 43 45
Variable speed circulation pump for chiller 39 1 pump $3000 $3,000 0 15 $3,093 $15,237 $244 $4,076 $983 43 47
Non-optimal orientation 1 1 $0 $0 0 40 $0 $15,726 $-245 $-14,156 $-14,156 45 45
F40, T12, magnetic ballast, open diffuser, parabolic troffer with reflector 30 400 fixts $15 $15 0 15 $6,186 $16,058 $-577 $-9,629 $-15815 45 47
F34, T12, magnetic ballast, open diffuser, parabolic troffer with reflector 31 400 fixts $15 $6,000 0 15 $6,186 $15,383 $98 $1,636 $-4,550 43 46
F34, T12, magnetic ballast, open diffuser, parabolic troffer 32 400 fixts $8 $6,000 0 15 $3,299 $14,330 $1,151 $19,218 $15,919 40 45
F32, T8, electronic ballast, open diffuser, parabolic troffer 33 400 fixts $24 $3,200 0 15 $10,001 $13,854 $1,627 $27,167 $17,166 39 44
LED exit signs 34 12 signs $40 $9,700 0 40 $495 $15,291 $190 $10,991 $10,496 43 46
Occupancy sensors 61 12 snsrs $60 $480 0 15 $742 $14,492 $989 $16,515 $15,773 41 45
Screw chiller 36 1 chlr $2400 $720 0 15 $2,474 $12,686 $2,795 $46,674 $44,200 35 47
Enthalpy Economizer (163) 49 1 ecnzr $2400 $2,400 0 15 $2,474 $15,462 $19 $316 $-2,158 43 46
Optimal Start (Energy Management System 48 1 EMS $500 $5,000 0 15 $5,155 $15,019 $462 $7,715 $2,560 41 46
Enthalpy Recovery System (TERS) for 5 cfm 46 per ton (47) $400 $-18,800 0.05 15 $-19,904 $16,484 $-1,367 $-22,823 $-2,919 42 45
Enthalpy Recovery System (TERS) for 15 cfm [Compared to ventilation rate = 15 cfm/person] 47 per ton (47) $400 $-18,800 0.5 15 $19,904 $17,165 $ 94 $1,566 $21,470 47 59

Table 2. Economic and Energy Analysis of Single Energy Conservation Measures - Administration Building

Run # Units Cost/ unit First Cost Oper andMaint Life of ECM Life Cycle Cost Annual EnergyCost Annual EnergySavings Life Cycle Savings Net Savings Energy UseIntensity Estimated CoolingCapacity
Formula sq. ft. unlessnoted FC O&M LCC = (FC) (P2) +(FC) (P3) (OM) Electric cost+ Gas cost Base Case energy cost - ECM energy cost LCS = (Annual EnergySavings) (P1) LCS - LCC
Energy Conservation Measure $ $ year $ $ $ $ $ kBTU/sqft Tons
Administration Bldg Base Case - - - - - 40 $0 $9,735 - $0 - 42 25
Single pane reflective glazing 11 629.6 $3 $1,804 0 40 $1,859 $9,067 $668 $38,587 $36,727 40 23
Double pane clear glazing 8 629.6 $2 $1,448 0 40 $1,493 $9,743 $-8 $-477 $-1,971 42 24
Double pane reflective glazing 13 629.6 $6 $4,063 0 40 $4,189 $9,098 $637 $36,821 $32,632 40 22
Double pane spectrally selective glazing 15 629.6 $4 $2,623 0 40 $2,708 $9,014 $721 $41,651 $38,946 40 22
Reflective roof 20 10017 $0 $0 0 20 $0 $9,300 $435 $10,185 $10,185 41 25
Reflective wall 21 5328 $0 $0 0 20 $0 $9,664 $71 $1,654 $1,654 42 25
2' overhang NSEW 22 904 $5 $4,520 0 40 $4,660 $9,710 $24 $1,411 $-3,249 29 25
4' overhang NSEW 23 5632 $5 $28,160 0 40 $29,033 $9,653 $82 $4,751 $-24,282 28 24
Shade trees 24 8 trees $200 $1,600 0 30 $1,650 $9,564 $171 $6,673 $5,024 42 25
R-11 wall insulation 25 5328 $.31 $1,652 0 40 $1,703 $9,790 $-55 $-3,182 $-4,885 42 25
R-19 roof insulation 26 10017 $.31 $3,105 0 40 $3,202 - $9,735 $562,671 $559,469 43 26
R-30 roof insulation 28 10017 $.31 $3,105 0 40 $3,202 $9,508 $227 $13,118 $9,916 42 24
Variable speed circulation pump for chiller 39 1 $3000 $3,000 0 15 $3,093 $9,634 $101 $1,688 $-1,405 42 25
Non-optimal orientation 1 1 $0 $0 0 40 $0 $9,937 $-202 $-11,704 $-11,704 44 24
F40, T12, magnetic ballast, open diffuser, parabolic troffer with reflector 30 270 fixts $15 $4,050 0 15 $4,176 $10,132 $-398 $-6,640 $-10,816 44 25
F34, T12, magnetic ballast, open diffuser, parabolic troffer with reflector 31 270 fixts $15 $4,050 0 15 $4,176 $9,668 $67 $1,118 $-3,057 42 25
F34, T12, magnetic ballast, open diffuser, parabolic troffer 32 270 fixts $8 $2,160 0 15 $2,227 $8,950 $78 $13,113 $10,886 39 24
F32, T8, electronic ballast, open diffuser, parabolic troffer 33 270 fixts $24 $6,548 0 15 $6,750 $8,624 $1,110 $18,544 $11,794 38 23
LED exit signs 34 12 signs $40 $480 0 40 $495 $9,668 $67 $3,871 $3,376 42 25
Occupancy sensors 61 12 snsrs $60 $720 0 15 $742 $9,338 $397 $6,632 $5,890 41 25
Screw chiller 36 1 chlr $2400 $2,400 0 15 $2,474 $8,656 $1,079 $18,016 $15,541 37 25
Enthalpy Economizer 49 1 ecnzr $2400 $5,000 0 15 $2,474 $9,715 $20 $327 $-2147 42 25
Optimal Start (Energy Management System 48 1 EMS $5000 $5,000 0 15 $5,155 $9,627 $108 $1,803 $-3,352 42 25
Enthalpy Recovery System (TERS) for 5 cfm 46 per ton (25) $400 $-10,000 0.05 15 $-10,587 $9,583 $152 $2,538 $15,125 42 24
Enthalpy Recovery System (TERS) for 15 cfm [Compared to ventilation rate = 15 cfm/person] 47 per ton (25) $400 $-10,000 0.5 15 $10,587 $10,124 $288 $4,815 $15,402 43 28

Table 3. Economic and Energy Analysis of Single Energy Conservation Measures - Multi Purpose Building

Run # Units Cost/ unit First Cost Oper andMaint Life of ECM Life Cycle Cost Annual EnergyCost Annual EnergySavings Life Cycle Savings Net Savings Energy UseIntensity Estimated CoolingCapacity
Formula sq. ft. unlessnoted FC O&M LCC = (FC) (P2) +(FC) (P3) (OM) Electric cost+ Gas cost Base Case energy cost - ECM energy cost LCS = (Annual EnergySavings) (P1) LCS - LCC
Energy Conservation Measure $ $ year $ $ $ $ $ kBTU/sqft Tons
Multi Purpose Bldg Base Case - - - - - 40 - $4,609 - - - 16.15 20
Single pane reflective glazing 11 534 $3 $1,602 0 ?? $1,652 $3,942 $667 $38,553 $36,901 15.94 17
Double pane clear glazing 8 534 $2 $1,068 0 40 $1,101 $4,520 $89 $5,144 $4,043 15.12 20
Double pane reflective glazing 13 534 $6 $3,204 0 40 $3,303 $3,786 $823 $47,569 $44,266 14.56 16
Double pane spectrally selective glazing 15 534 $4 $2,225 0 40 $2,294 $3,694 $915 $52,887 $50,593 14.11 16
Reflective roof 20 13353 $0 $0 0 20 $0 $4,484 $125 $2,295 $2,295 16.02 19
Reflective wall 21 9250 $0 $0 0 20 $0 $4,559 $50 $1,170 $1,170 16.21 20
2' overhang NSEW 22 1723 $5 $8,615 0 40 $8,852 $4,604 $5 $289 $-8,593 16.14 20
4' overhang NSEW 23 2064 $5 $10,320 0 40 $10,640 $4,580 $29 $1,676 $-8,964 16.08 20
Shade trees 24 8 trees $200 $1,600 0 30 $1,650 $4,322 $287 $11,193 $9,543 16.00 18
R-11 wall insulation 25 9250 $0.31 $2,868 0 40 $2,956 $5,670 $-1,061 $-61,326 $-64,282 15.46 20
R-19 roof insulation 26 9250 $0.31 $2,868 0 40 $2,956 $5,400 $-791 $-45,720 $-48676 16.31 20
R-30 roof insulation 28 13353 $0.31 $4,139 0 40 $4,268 $5,784 $-1,175 $-67,915 $-72,183 15.87 20
Variable speed circulation pump for chiller 39 1 pump $3000 $3,000 0 15 $3,093 $5,500 $-891 $-14,880 $-17,973 15.57 20
Non-optimal orientation 1 1 $0 $0 0 40 $0 $4,835 $-226 $-13,603 $-13,603 17.94 21
F34, T12, magnetic ballast, open diffuser, parabolic troffer with reflector 31 359 fixts $15 $5,385 0 15 $5,552 $4,596 $13 $217 $-5,335 16.12 22
F34, T12, magnetic ballast, open diffuser, parabolic troffer 32 359 fixts $8 $2,872 0 15 $2,961 $4,460 $149 $2,488 $-473 15.75 20
F32, T8, electronic ballast, open diffuser, parabolic troffer 33 359 fixts $24 $8,706 0 15 $8,976 $4,399 $210 $3,507 $-5,469 15.58 20
LED exit signs 34 8 signs $40 $320 0 40 $330 $5,644 $-1,035 $-10,971 $-11,301 17.94 21
Screw chiller 36 1 chlr $2400 $2,400 0 15 $2,474 $3,566 $1,043 $17,418 $14,944 12.47 20
Enthalpy Economizer 49 1 ecnzr $2400 $2,400 0 15 $2,474 $5,672 $-1,063 $-17,752 $-20,227 16.12 20
Optimal Start (Energy Management System 48 1 EMS $5000 $5,000 0 15 $5,155 $5,466 $-857 $14,312 $-19,467 14.91 20
Enthalpy Recovery System (TERS) for 5 cfm 46 per ton (20) $400 $8,000 0.05 15 $8,470 $5,018 $-409 $-6,830 $-15,300 14.86 17
Enthalpy Recovery System (TERS) for 15 cfm [Compared to ventilation rate = 15 cfm/person] 47 per ton (20) $400 $8,000 0.5 15 $8,470 $4,607 $2 $33 $-8,436 16.13 20

Table 6. Economic Optimization Analysis - Classroom Building

Run # Units Cost/ unit First Cost Oper andMaint Life of ECM Life Cycle Cost Annual EnergyCost Annual EnergySavings Life Cycle Savings Net Savings Energy UseIntensity Estimated CoolingCapacity
Formula sqft unlessnoted FC O&M LCC = (FC) (P2) +(FC) (P3) (OM) Electric cost+ Gas cost Base Case energy cost - ECM energy cost LCS = (Annual EnergySavings)(P1) LCS - LCC
Energy Conservation Measure $ $ year $ $ $ $ $ kBTU/sqft Tons
Classroom Building Base Case - - - - - 40 - $15,481 - $0 - 44 46
Double pane spectrally selective glazing 15 2304 $4 $9,600 0 40 $9,898 $14,409 $1,072 $61,961 $52,063 40 41
Screw Chiller 36 1 chlr $2400 $720 0 15 $2,474 $12,686 $2,795 $46,674 $44,200 35 47
F32, T8, electronic ballast, open diffuser, parabolic troffer 33 400 fixts $24 $3,200 0 15 $10,001 $13,854 $1,627 $27,167 $17,166 39 44
Occupancy sensors 61 12 snsrs $60 $480 0 15 $742 $14,492 $989 $16,515 $15,773 41 45
Reflective roof 20 14835 $0 $0 0 20 $0 $14,941 $540 $12,641 $12,641 42 46
Electronic dimming ballast 7 400 bllsts $14 $480 0 20 $5,567 $8,810 $586 $9,781 $4,213 26 36
LED exit signs 34 12 signs $40 $9,700 0 40 $495 $15,291 $190 $10,991 $10,496 43 46
Reflective Wall 21 6816 $0 $0 0 20 $0 $15389 $92 $2,151 $2,151 43 46

figure 48

Figure 48

Table 7. Economic Optimization Analysis - Administration Building

Run # Units Cost/ unit First Cost Oper andMaint Life of ECM Life Cycle Cost Annual EnergyCost Annual EnergySavings Life Cycle Savings Net Savings Energy UseIntensity Estimated CoolingCapacity
Formula sq. ft. unlessnoted FC O&M LCC = (FC) (P2) +(FC) (P3) (OM) Electric cost+ Gas cost Base Case energy cost - ECM energy cost LCS = (Annual EnergySavings) (P1) LCS - LCC
Energy Conservation Measure $ $ year $ $ $ $ $ kBTU/sqft Tons
Administration Bldg Base Case - - - - - - $0 $9,735 - - - 42 25
Double pane spectrally selective glazing 15 629.6 $4 $2,623 0 40 $2,708 $9,014 $721 $41,651 $38,946 40 22
Screw Chiller 36 1 chlr $2400 $2,400 0 15 $2,474 $8,656 $1,079 $18,016 $15,541 37 25
F32, T8, electronic ballast, open diffuser, parabolic troffer 33 270 fixts $24 $6,548 0 15 $6,750 $8,624 $1,110 $18,544 $11,794 38 23
Occupancy sensors 61 12 snsrs $60 $720 0 15 $742 $9,338 $397 $6,632 $5,890 41 25
Reflective roof 20 10017 $0 $0 0 20 $0 $9,300 $435 $10,185 $10,185 41 25
Electronic dimming ballast 7 270 bllsts $25 $3,645 0 $3,758 $5,700 $330 $5,508 $1,750 26 18
LED exit signs 34 12 signs $40 $480 0 40 $495 $9,668 $67 $3,871 $3,376 42 25
Reflective Wall 21 5328 $0 $0 0 20 $0 $9,664 $71 $1,654 $1,654 42 25

figure 49

Figure 49

Table 8. Economic Optimization Analysis - Multi Purpose Building

Run # Units Cost/ unit First Cost Oper andMaint Life of ECM Life Cycle Cost Annual EnergyCost Annual EnergySavings Life Cycle Savings Net Savings Energy UseIntensity Estimated CoolingCapacity
Formula sqft unlessnoted FC O&M LCC = (FC) (P2) +(FC) (P3) (OM) Electric cost+ Gas cost Base Case energy cost - ECM energy cost LCS = (Annual EnergySavings) (P1) LCS - LCC
Energy Conservation Measure $ $ year $ $ $ $ $ kBTU/sqft Tons
Multi Purpose Bldg Base Case - - - - - - - $4,609 - - - 16.15 20
Double pane spectrally selective glazing 15 534 $4 $2,225 0 40 $2,294 $3,694 $915 $52,887 $50,593 14.11 16
Screw Chiller 36 1 chlr $2400 $2,400 0 15 $2,474 $3,566 $1,043 $17,418 $14,944 12.47 20
Reflective roof 20 13353 $0 $0 0 20 $0 $4,484 $125 $2,295 $2,295 16.02 19
R-19 roof insulation 26 9250 $0.31 $2,868 0 40 $2,956 $2,247 $58 $3,378 $421 11.86 15

figure 50

Figure 50