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Reference Publication: Parker, D. S. and P. W. Fairey (2001). Preliminary Evaluation of Energy-Efficiency Improvements to Modular Classrooms. Report No. FSEC-CR-1272-01. Florida Solar Energy Center, Cocoa, FL 32922.

Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and are not intended to represent the views and opinions of the Florida Solar Energy Center.

Preliminary Evaluation of Energy-Efficiency
Improvements to Modular Classrooms

Danny S. Parker and Philip W. Fairey
Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC)

FSEC-CR-1272-01

 


Table A. Rochester, New York

Parametric Evaluation of Modular Classroom Energy Efficiency Measures
Rochester, New York: Heating Dominated Climate; all values in annual kWh
 
Case Cooling kWh Heating kWh Lighting Total Pkg
? 		Pct
(%)
Base 1181 12150 2315 15646   0.0%
Roof/plenum (R-19, Abs= 0.90)
Ceiling--> R-30 1097 11675 2315 15087   3.6%
Ceiling--> R-38 1059 11489 2315 14863 * 5.0%
Reflective roof (Abs= 0.35) 950 12507 2315 15772   -0.8%
Radiant Barrier 1064 11859 2315 15238   2.6%
Walls (R-11, Abs= 0.6)
Walls-->R-19 1156 11557 2315 15028   3.9%
Add R-7 exterior sheathing 1147 11147 2315 14609 * 6.6%
Wall abs-->0.35 1084 12360 2315 15759   -0.7%
Floor (R-11)
Floor--> R-19 1199 11635 2315 15144   3.2%
Floor--> R-30 1215 11296 2315 14826 * 5.2%
Windows (Single, clear)
Dbl clear (u=0.69, SHCG=0.66) 1163 11874 2315 15352   1.9%
Dbl Low-e (u= 0.59, SHGC=0.53) 1132 11858 2315 15305 * 2.2%
Dbl Low-e, solar control (u=0.59, SHGC=0.38) 1095 11930 2315 15340   2.0%
Duct Leakage Control (Qn=0.15)
Tested Qn= <0.05 1156 11498 2315 14969 * 4.3%
Supply duct to interior 1150 11747 2315 15212 * 2.8%
Lighting (six, 4-tube T-12, mag. Ballasts)
T-8 lamps with electronic ballasts 1062 12731 1414 15206   2.8%
Occupancy based lighting control 1158 12449 1940 15447 * 1.3%
Daylighting pkg with 2-tube T-8 troffers 1105 13306 705 15116 * 3.4%
Heating/Cooling (10 kW strip w/ 4-ton 9 EER)
EER->10 Btu/W 1060 12150 2315 15515   0.8%
Heat Pump: 6.8 HSPF, EER= 10 1060 9042 2315 12417 * 20.6%
HVAC on Occupancy control 970 9266 2315 12551 * 19.8%
Ventilation (base= 6 cfm/student)
No ventilation (as shipped) 1509 7155 2315 10979   29.8%
15 cfm/student, no heat recovery, 4-ton AC 1100 24811 2315 28226   -80.4%
15 cfm/student, 60% ERV, 4-ton AC 1247 14098 2315 17660   -12.9%
15 cfm/student, 60% ERV, 4-ton HP 1247 10831 2315 14393 * 8.0%
Cross-ventilation using window pkg. 911 12345 2315 15571   0.5%
 
Summer School Schedule 1760 12072 2754 16616   -6.2%
 
Package of Measures (*) 778 7446 606 8830   43.6%
Package with summer school 1236 7408 716 9360   43.7%
 
Note: Daylighting package= addition of 24 sqft of windows in a 6" strip on upper perimeter of classroom, with interior light shelf & three tubular skylights spaced evenly along the center of long axis, plus six two-tube T-8 troffers to substitute for the 4 tube fixtures normally utilized.
Daylighting package for northern climates = Dbl low-e glass rather than solar control

 


Table B. Raleigh, North Carolina

Parametric Evaluation of Modular Classroom Energy Efficiency Measures
Raleigh, North Carolina: Mixed Cooling and Heating Climate; all values in annual kWh
 
Case Cooling kWh Heating kWh Lighting Total Pkg
? 		Pct
(%)
Base 2253 5515 2315 10083   0.0%
Roof/plenum (R-19, Abs= 0.90)
Ceiling--> R-30 2111 5270 2315 9696   3.8%
Ceiling--> R-38 2047 5169 2315 9531 * 5.5%
Reflective roof (Abs= 0.35) 1854 5718 2315 9887   1.9%
Radiant Barrier 2056 5286 2315 9657 * 4.2%
Walls (R-11, Abs= 0.6)
Walls-->R-19 2213 5237 2315 9765   3.2%
Add R-7 exterior sheathing 2191 5052 2315 9558 * 5.2%
Wall abs-->0.35 2093 5776 2315 10075   0.1%
Floor (R-11)
Floor--> R-19 2276 5288 2315 9879 * 2.0%
Floor--> R-30 2291 5137 2315 9743   3.4%
Windows (Single, clear)
Dbl clear (u=0.69, SHCG=0.66) 2231 5391 2315 9937   1.4%
Dbl Low-e (u= 0.59, SHGC=0.53) 2186 5391 2315 9892 * 1.9%
Dbl Low-e, solar control (u=0.59, SHGC=0.38) 2128 5436 2315 9879   2.0%
Duct Leakage Control (Qn=0.15)
Tested Qn= <0.05 2190 5182 2315 9687 * 3.9%
Supply duct to interior 2166 5287 2315 9763 * 3.2%
Lighting (six, 4-tube T-12, mag. Ballasts)
T-8 lamps with electronic ballasts 2048 5828 1414 9290   7.9%
Occupancy based lighting control 2210 5739 1923 9872 * 2.1%
Daylighting pkg with 2-tube T-8 troffers 2119 6120 707 8946 * 11.3%
Heating/Cooling (10 kW strip w/ 3-ton 9 EER)
EER->10 Btu/W 2019 5498 2315 9832   2.5%
Heat Pump: 6.8 HSPF, EER= 10 2019 3741 2315 8075 * 19.9%
HVAC on Occupancy control 1883 4484 2315 8682 * 13.9%
Ventilation (base= 6 cfm/student)
No ventilation (as shipped) 2498 2902 2315 7715   23.5%
15 cfm/student, no heat recovery, 4-ton AC 2404 11948 2315 16667   -65.3%
15 cfm/student, 60% ERV, 4-ton AC 2600 6745 2315 11660   -15.6%
15 cfm/student, 60% ERV, 4-ton HP 2600 5395 2315 10310 * -2.3%
Cross-ventilation using window pkg. 2154 5660 2315 10129   -0.5%
 
Summer School Schedule 2983 5594 2754 11361   -12.7%
 
Package of Measures (*) 1526 3164 591 5413   46.3%
Package with summer school 2235 3174 695 6104   46.3%
 
Note: Daylighting package= addition of 24 sqft of windows in a 6" strip on upper perimeter of classroom, with interior light shelf & three tubular skylights spaced evenly along the center of long axis, plus six two-tube T-8 troffers to substitute for the 4 tube fixtures normally utilized.

 


Table C. Tampa, Florida

Parametric Evaluation of Modular Classroom Energy Efficiency Measures
Tampa, Florida: Cooling Dominated Climate; all values in annual kWh
 
Case Cooling kWh Heating kWh Lighting Total Pkg
? 		Pct
(%)
Base 5233 1054 2315 8602   0.0%
Roof/plenum (R-19, Abs= 0.90)
Ceiling--> R-30 4981 991 2315 8287   3.7%
Ceiling--> R-38 4876 965 2315 8156   5.2%
Reflective roof (Abs= 0.35) 4555 1103 2315 7973 * 7.3%
Radiant Barrier 4948 969 2315 8232   4.3%
Walls (R-11, Abs= 0.6)
Walls-->R-19 5142 995 2315 8452   1.7%
Add R-7 exterior sheathing 5081 954 2315 8350   2.9%
Wall abs-->0.35 4967 1102 2315 8384 * 2.5%
Floor (R-11)
Floor--> R-19 5228 1014 2315 8557   0.5%
Floor--> R-30 5228 986 2315 8529   0.8%
Windows (Single, clear)
Dbl clear (u=0.69, SHCG=0.66) 5183 1027 2315 8525   0.9%
Dbl Low-e (u= 0.59, SHGC=0.53) 5144 1024 2315 8483   1.4%
Dbl Low-e, solar control (u=0.59, SHGC=0.38) 5008 1040 2315 8363 * 2.8%
Duct Leakage Control (Qn=0.15)
Tested Qn= <0.05 5088 996 2315 8399 * 2.4%
Supply duct to interior 5035 1012 2315 8362 * 2.8%
Lighting (six, 4-tube T-12, mag. Ballasts)
T-8 lamps with electronic ballasts 4885 1129 1414 7428   13.6%
Occupancy based lighting control 2210 5739 1923 8200 * 4.7%
Daylighting pkg with 2-tube T-8 troffers 4672 1233 707 6612 * 23.1%
Heating/Cooling (10 kW strip w/ 3-ton 9 EER)
EER->10 Btu/W 4679 1054 2315 8058   6.3%
Heat Pump: 6.8 HSPF, EER= 10 4679 724 2315 7746 * 10.0%
HVAC on Occupancy control 4227 737 2315 7279 * 15.4%
Ventilation (base= 6 cfm/student)
No ventilation (as shipped) 4748 440 2315 7503   12.8%
15 cfm/student, no heat recovery, 4-ton AC 6487 2681 2315 11483   -33.5%
15 cfm/student, 60% ERV, 4-ton AC 6495 1494 2315 10304   -19.8%
15 cfm/student, 60% ERV, 4-ton HP 6495 1258 2315 10068 * -17.0%
Cross-ventilation using window pkg. 5288 1090 2315 8259   4.0%
 
Summer School Schedule 6090 1069 2784 9943   -15.6%
 
Package of Measures (*) 3618 465 592 4675   45.7%
Package with summer school 4200 465 697 5362   46.1%
 
Note: Daylighting package= addition of 24 sqft of windows in a 6" strip on upper perimeter of classroom, with interior light shelf & three tubular skylights spaced evenly along the center of long axis, plus six two-tube T-8 troffers to substitute for the 4 tube fixtures normally utilized.

 


Table D. Phoenix, Arizona

Parametric Evaluation of Modular Classroom Energy Efficiency Measures
Phoenix, Arizona: Hot-Arid Climate; all values in annual kWh
 
Case Cooling kWh Heating kWh Lighting Total Pkg
? 		Pct
(%)
Base 5916 1461 2315 9692   0.0%
Roof/plenum (R-19, Abs= 0.90)
Ceiling--> R-30 5609 1355 2315 9279 * 4.3%
Ceiling--> R-38 5479 1307 2315 9101   6.1%
Reflective roof (Abs= 0.35) 5106 1537 2315 8958 * 7.6%
Radiant Barrier 5542 1332 2315 9189   5.2%
Walls (R-11, Abs= 0.6)
Walls-->R-19 5774 1368 2315 9457   2.4%
Add R-7 exterior sheathing 5682 1306 2315 9303 * 4.0%
Wall abs-->0.35 5611 1540 2315 9466 * 2.3%
Floor (R-11)
Floor--> R-19 5881 1394 2315 9590 * 1.1%
Floor--> R-30 5859 1351 2315 9525   1.7%
Windows (Single, clear)
Dbl clear (u=0.69, SHCG=0.66) 5842 1420 2315 9577   1.2%
Dbl Low-e (u= 0.59, SHGC=0.53) 5747 1423 2315 9485   2.1%
Dbl Low-e, solar control (u=0.59, SHGC=0.38) 5639 1446 2315 9400 * 3.0%
Duct Leakage Control (Qn=0.15)
Tested Qn= <0.05 5754 1371 2315 9440 * 2.6%
Supply duct to interior 5613 1400 2315 9328 * 3.8%
Lighting (six, 4-tube T-12, mag. Ballasts)
T-8 lamps with electronic ballasts 5618 1608 1414 8640   10.9%
Occupancy based lighting control 5823 1569 1940 9332 * 3.7%
Daylighting pkg with 2-tube T-8 troffers 5556 2079 707 8342 * 13.9%
Heating/Cooling (10 kW strip w/ 4-ton 9 EER)
EER->10 Btu/W 5289 1471 2315 9075   6.4%
Heat Pump: 6.8 HSPF, EER= 10 5289 1137 2315 8741 * 9.8%
HVAC on Occupancy control 4324 1188 2315 7827 * 19.2%
Ventilation (base= 6 cfm/student)
No ventilation (as shipped) 5745 547 2315 8607   11.2%
15 cfm/student, no heat recovery, 4-ton AC 6795 3507 2315 12617   -30.2%
15 cfm/student, 60% ERV, 4-ton AC 7115 2133 2315 11563   -19.3%
15 cfm/student, 60% ERV, 4-ton HP 7115 1795 2315 11225 * -15.8%
Cross-ventilation using window pkg. 5534 1542 2315 9391   3.1%
 
Summer School Schedule 6655 1473 2754 10882   -12.3%
 
Package of Measures (*) 3305 1067 591 4963   48.8%
Package with summer school 3868 1052 695 5615   48.4%
 
Note: Daylighting package= addition of 24 sqft of windows in a 6" strip on upper perimeter of classroom, with interior light shelf & three tubular skylights spaced evenly along the center of long axis, plus six two-tube T-8 troffers to substitute for the 4 tube fixtures normally utilized.
Daylighting package for northern climates = Dbl low-e glass rather than solar control

 


Table E. Sacramento, California

Parametric Evaluation of Modular Classroom Energy Efficiency Measures
Sacramento, California: Mixed Moderate Climate; all values in annual kWh
 
Case Cooling kWh Heating kWh Lighting Total Pkg
? 		Pct
(%)
Base 2005 3992 2315 8312   0.0%
Roof/plenum (R-19, Abs= 0.90)
Ceiling--> R-30 1871 3778 2315 7964 * 4.2%
Ceiling--> R-38 1797 3687 2315 7799   6.2%
Reflective roof (Abs= 0.35) 1566 4135 2315 8016 * 3.6%
Radiant Barrier 1771 3758 2315 7844   5.6%
Walls (R-11, Abs= 0.6)
Walls-->R-19 1968 3782 2315 8065   3.0%
Add R-7 exterior sheathing 1955 3642 2315 7912 * 4.8%
Wall abs-->0.35 1840 4121 2315 8276   0.4%
Floor (R-11)
Floor--> R-19 2030 3827 2315 8172 * 1.7%
Floor--> R-30 2048 3715 2315 8078   2.8%
Windows (Single, clear)
Dbl clear (u=0.69, SHCG=0.66) 1978 3900 2315 8193   1.4%
Dbl Low-e (u= 0.59, SHGC=0.53) 1926 3901 2315 8142   2.0%
Dbl Low-e, solar control (u=0.59, SHGC=0.38) 1862 3934 2315 8111 * 2.4%
Duct Leakage Control (Qn=0.15)
Tested Qn= <0.05 1949 3760 2315 8024 * 3.5%
Supply duct to interior 1912 3833 2315 8060 * 3.0%
Lighting (six, 4-tube T-12, mag. Ballasts)
T-8 lamps with electronic ballasts 1803 4272 1414 7489   9.9%
Occupancy based lighting control 1963 4205 1940 8108 * 2.5%
Daylighting pkg with 2-tube T-8 troffers 1905 4550 707 7162 * 13.8%
Heating/Cooling (10 kW strip w/ 4-ton 9 EER)
EER->10 Btu/W 1909 3992 2315 8216   1.2%
Heat Pump: 6.8 HSPF, EER= 10 1909 2772 2315 6996 * 15.8%
HVAC on Occupancy control 1431 2603 2315 6349 * 23.6%
Ventilation (base= 6 cfm/student)
No ventilation (as shipped) 2554 1965 2315 6834   17.8%
15 cfm/student, no heat recovery, 4-ton AC 1839 8544 2315 12698   -52.8%
15 cfm/student, 60% ERV, 4-ton AC 2259 5252 2315 9826   -18.2%
15 cfm/student, 60% ERV, 4-ton HP 2259 4098 2315 8672 * -4.3%
Cross-ventilation using window pkg. 1572 4117 2315 8004   3.7%
 
Summer School Schedule 2649 4027 2754 9430   -13.5%
 
Package of Measures (*) 872 2713 591 4176   49.8%
Package with summer school 1311 2712 695 4718   50.0%
 
Note: Daylighting package= addition of 24 sqft of windows in a 6" strip on upper perimeter of classroom, with interior light shelf & three tubular skylights spaced evenly along the center of long axis, plus six two-tube T-8 troffers to substitute for the 4 tube fixtures normally utilized.
Daylighting package for northern climates = Dbl low-e glass rather than solar control

 


Table F. Boise, Idaho

Parametric Evaluation of Modular Classroom Energy Efficiency Measures
Boise, Idaho: Cold Continental Climate; all values in annual kWh
 
Case Cooling kWh Heating kWh Lighting Total Pkg
? 		Pct
(%)
Base 1262 8939 2315 12516   0.0%
Roof/plenum (R-19, Abs= 0.90)
Ceiling--> R-30 1161 8527 2315 12003   4.1%
Ceiling--> R-38 1116 8365 2315 11796 * 5.8%
Reflective roof (Abs= 0.35) 973 9286 2315 12574   -0.5%
Radiant Barrier 1024 8653 2315 11992 * 4.2%
Walls (R-11, Abs= 0.6)
Walls-->R-19 1236 8458 2315 12009   4.1%
Add R-7 exterior sheathing 1223 8130 2315 11668 * 6.8%
Wall abs-->0.35 1143 9181 2315 12639   -1.0%
Floor (R-11)
Floor--> R-19 1283 8528 2315 12126   3.1%
Floor--> R-30 1300 8254 2315 11869 * 5.2%
Windows (Single, clear)
Dbl clear (u=0.69, SHCG=0.66) 1245 8729 2315 12289   1.8%
Dbl Low-e (u= 0.59, SHGC=0.53) 1248 8664 2315 12227 * 2.3%
Dbl Low-e, solar control (u=0.59, SHGC=0.38) 1160 8813 2315 12288   1.8%
Duct Leakage Control (Qn=0.15)
Tested Qn= <0.05 1236 8430 2315 11981 * 4.3%
Supply duct to interior 1225 8645 2315 12185 * 2.6%
Lighting (six, 4-tube T-12, mag. Ballasts)
T-8 lamps with electronic ballasts 1138 9489 1414 12041   3.8%
Occupancy based lighting control 1238 9224 1940 12402 * 0.9%
Daylighting pkg with 2-tube T-8 troffers 1249 10209 707 12165 * 2.8%
Heating/Cooling (10 kW strip w/ 4-ton 9 EER)
EER->10 Btu/W 1113 8939 2315 12367   1.2%
Heat Pump: 6.8 HSPF, EER= 10 1113 6832 2315 10260 * 18.0%
HVAC on Occupancy control 858 6854 2315 10027 * 19.9%
Ventilation (base= 6 cfm/student)
No ventilation (as shipped) 1717 4998 2315 9030   27.9%
15 cfm/student, no heat recovery, 4-ton AC 1155 18095 2315 21565   -72.3%
15 cfm/student, 60% ERV, 4-ton AC 1356 10748 2315 14419   -15.2%
15 cfm/student, 60% ERV, 4-ton HP 1584 8368 2315 12267 * 2.0%
Cross-ventilation using window pkg. 970 9067 2315 12352   1.3%
 
Summer School Schedule 1764 8908 2754 13426   -7.3%
 
Package of Measures (*) 813 5654 591 7058   43.6%
Package with summer school 1226 5679 695 7600   43.4%
 
Note: Daylighting package= addition of 24 sqft of windows in a 6" strip on upper perimeter of classroom, with interior light shelf & three tubular skylights spaced evenly along the center of long axis, plus six two-tube T-8 troffers to substitute for the 4 tube fixtures normally utilized.
Daylighting package for northern climates = Dbl low-e glass rather than solar control

 


Table G. Cincinnati, Ohio

Parametric Evaluation of Modular Classroom Energy Efficiency Measures
Cincinnati, OH: Temperate Mid-West Climate; all values in annual kWh
 
Case Cooling kWh Heating kWh Lighting Total Pkg
? 		Pct
(%)
Base 1654 8860 2315 12829   0.0%
Roof/plenum (R-19, Abs= 0.90)
Ceiling--> R-30 1540 8493 2315 12348   3.7%
Ceiling--> R-38 1496 8348 2315 12159 * 5.2%
Reflective roof (Abs= 0.35) 1352 9141 2315 12808   0.2%
Radiant Barrier 1514 8613 2315 12442   3.0%
Walls (R-11, Abs= 0.6)
Walls-->R-19 1621 8408 2315 12344   3.8%
Add R-7 exterior sheathing 1605 8106 2315 12026 * 6.3%
Wall abs-->0.35 1525 9035 2315 12875   -0.4%
Floor (R-11)
Floor--> R-19 1677 8480 2315 12472 * 2.8%
Floor--> R-30 1695 8229 2315 12239   4.6%
Windows (Single, clear)
Dbl clear (u=0.69, SHCG=0.66) 1636 8652 2315 12603   1.8%
Dbl Low-e (u= 0.59, SHGC=0.53) 1639 8594 2315 12548 * 2.2%
Dbl Low-e, solar control (u=0.59, SHGC=0.38) 1553 8698 2315 12566   2.1%
Duct Leakage Control (Qn=0.15)
Tested Qn= <0.05 1619 8375 2315 12309 * 4.1%
Supply duct to interior 1611 8511 2315 12437 * 3.1%
Lighting (six, 4-tube T-12, mag. Ballasts)
T-8 lamps with electronic ballasts 1503 9341 1414 12258   4.5%
Occupancy based lighting control 1623 9110 1940 12673 * 1.2%
Daylighting pkg with 2-tube T-8 troffers 1580 9750 707 12037 * 6.2%
Heating/Cooling (10 kW strip w/ 4-ton 9 EER)
EER->10 Btu/W 1470 8860 2315 12645   1.4%
Heat Pump: 6.8 HSPF, EER= 10 1484 6467 2315 10266 * 20.0%
HVAC on Occupancy control 1175 6636 2315 10126 * 21.1%
Ventilation (base= 6 cfm/student)
No ventilation (as shipped) 1969 5033 2315 9317   27.4%
15 cfm/student, no heat recovery, 4-ton AC 1590 17620 2315 21525   -67.8%
15 cfm/student, 60% ERV, 4-ton AC 1775 10556 2315 14646   -14.2%
15 cfm/student, 60% ERV, 4-ton HP 2078 7896 2315 12289 * 4.2%
Cross-ventilation using window pkg. 1303 8973 2315 12591   1.9%
 
Summer School Schedule 2325 8860 2754 13939   -8.7%
 
Package of Measures (*) 1127 5430 591 7148   44.3%
Package with summer school 1663 5430 695 7788   44.1%
 
Note: Daylighting package= addition of 24 sqft of windows in a 6" strip on upper perimeter of classroom, with interior light shelf & three tubular skylights spaced evenly along the center of long axis, plus six two-tube T-8 troffers to substitute for the 4 tube fixtures normally utilized.
Daylighting package for northern climates = Dbl low-e glass rather than solar control

 


Table H. Dallas, Texas

Parametric Evaluation of Modular Classroom Energy Efficiency Measures
Dallas, Texas: Mixed Mid-West Climate; all values in annual kWh
 
Case Cooling kWh Heating kWh Lighting Total Pkg
? 		Pct
(%)
Base 3726 3187 2315 9228   0.0%
Roof/plenum (R-19, Abs= 0.90)
Ceiling--> R-30 3531 3030 2315 8876 * 3.8%
Ceiling--> R-38 3449 2964 2315 8728 5.4%
Reflective roof (Abs= 0.35) 3201 3320 2315 8836 * 4.2%
Radiant Barrier 3492 3038 2315 8845 4.2%
Walls (R-11, Abs= 0.6)
Walls-->R-19 3659 3009 2315 8983   2.7%
Add R-7 exterior sheathing 3612 2883 2315 8810 * 4.5%
Wall abs-->0.35 3525 3288 2315 9128 * 1.1%
Floor (R-11)
Floor--> R-19 3732 3043 2315 9090 * 1.5%
Floor--> R-30 3736 2948 2315 8999   2.5%
Windows (Single, clear)
Dbl clear (u=0.69, SHCG=0.66) 3687 3104 2315 9106   1.3%
Dbl Low-e (u= 0.59, SHGC=0.53) 3626 3107 2315 9048 2.0%
Dbl Low-e, solar control (u=0.59, SHGC=0.38) 3550 3141 2315 9006 * 2.4%
Duct Leakage Control (Qn=0.15)
Tested Qn= <0.05 3624 2991 2315 8930 * 3.2%
Supply duct to interior 3574 3059 2315 8948 * 3.0%
Lighting (six, 4-tube T-12, mag. Ballasts)
T-8 lamps with electronic ballasts 3472 3417 1414 8303   10.0%
Occupancy based lighting control 3660 3335 1940 8935 * 3.2%
Daylighting pkg with 2-tube T-8 troffers 3383 3980 707 8070 * 12.5%
Heating/Cooling (10 kW strip w/ 4-ton 9 EER)
EER->10 Btu/W 3330 3178 2315 8823   4.4%
Heat Pump: 6.8 HSPF, EER= 10 3330 2295 2315 7940 * 14.0%
HVAC on Occupancy control 2695 2303 2315 7313 * 20.8%
Ventilation (base= 6 cfm/student)
No ventilation (as shipped) 3664 1560 2315 7539 18.3%
15 cfm/student, no heat recovery, 4-ton AC 4138 6900 2315 13353   -44.7%
15 cfm/student, 60% ERV, 4-ton AC 4289 4376 2315 10980   -19.0%
15 cfm/student, 60% ERV, 4-ton HP 4289 3473 2315 10077 * -9.2%
Cross-ventilation using window pkg. 3299 3257 2315 8871 3.9%
 
Summer School Schedule 4501 3238 2754 10493   -13.7%
 
Package of Measures (*) 2121 2225 591 4937   46.5%
Package with summer school 2714 2187 695 5596   46.7%
 
Note: Daylighting package= addition of 24 sqft of windows in a 6" strip on upper perimeter of classroom, with interior light shelf & three tubular skylights spaced evenly along the center of long axis, plus six two-tube T-8 troffers to substitute for the 4 tube fixtures normally utilized.
Daylighting package for northern climates = Dbl low-e glass rather than solar control

 


Table I. Seattle, Washington

Parametric Evaluation of Modular Classroom Energy Efficiency Measures
Seattle, Washington: Cold Cloudy Climate; all values in annual kWh
 
Case Cooling kWh Heating kWh Lighting Total Pkg? Pct(%)
Base 556 6464 2315 9335   0.0%
Roof/plenum (R-19, Abs= 0.90)
Ceiling--> R-30 518 6151 2315 8984   3.8%
Ceiling--> R-38 499 6026 2315 8840 * 5.3%
Reflective roof (Abs= 0.35) 413 6755 2315 9483   -1.6%
Radiant Barrier 481 6265 2315 9061 * 2.9%
Walls (R-11, Abs= 0.6)
Walls-->R-19 558 6095 2315 8968   3.9%
Add R-7 exterior sheathing 563 5832 2315 8710 * 6.7%
Wall abs-->0.35 499 6643 2315 9457   -1.3%
Floor (R-11)
Floor--> R-19 578 6151 2315 9044   3.1%
Floor--> R-30 596 5939 2315 8850 * 5.2%
Windows (Single, clear)
Dbl clear (u=0.69, SHCG=0.66) 554 6302 2315 9171   1.8%
Dbl Low-e (u= 0.59, SHGC=0.53) 535 6301 2315 9151 * 2.0%
Dbl Low-e, solar control (u=0.59, SHGC=0.38) 512 6361 2315 9188   1.6%
Duct Leakage Control (Qn=0.15)
Tested Qn= <0.05 543 6100 2315 8958 * 4.0%
Supply duct to interior 542 6279 2315 9136 * 2.1%
Lighting (six, 4-tube T-12, mag. Ballasts)
T-8 lamps with electronic ballasts 448 7025 1414 8887   4.8%
Occupancy based lighting control 535 6750 1940 9225 * 1.2%
Daylighting pkg with 2-tube T-8 troffers 503 7918 707 9128 * 2.2%
Heating/Cooling (10 kW strip w/ 4-ton 9 EER)
EER->10 Btu/W 494 6464 2315 9273   0.7%
Heat Pump: 6.8 HSPF, EER= 10 494 5226 2315 8035 * 13.9%
HVAC on Occupancy control 460 4653 2315 7428 * 20.4%
Ventilation (base= 6 cfm/student)
No ventilation (as shipped) 1096 3252 2315 6663   28.6%
15 cfm/student, no heat recovery, 4-ton AC 325 13927 2315 16567   -77.5%
15 cfm/student, 60% ERV, 4-ton AC 605 8069 2315 10989   -17.7%
15 cfm/student, 60% ERV, 4-ton HP 605 6803 2315 9723 * -4.2%
Cross-ventilation using window pkg. 294 6574 2315 9183   1.6%
 
Summer School Schedule 760 6464 2754 9978   -6.9%
 
Package of Measures (*) 376 4012 591 4979   46.7%
Package with summer school 675 4012 695 5382   46.1%
 
Note: Daylighting package= addition of 24 sqft of windows in a 6" strip on upper perimeter of classroom, with interior light shelf & three tubular skylights spaced evenly along the center of long axis, plus six two-tube T-8 troffers to substitute for the 4 tube fixtures normally utilized.
Daylighting package for northern climates = Dbl low-e glass rather than solar control